Gender Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace

Thesis: Women face considerable sexual discrimination in the world of work, significantly limiting their employment prospects and subsequent advancement in their careers. Gender Discrimination Against Women In The Workplace Traditionally, women have been considered to be the weaker sex and subordinate to men. Moreover, their roles have been assigned to domestic and childrearing duties. The job market is male dominated, and women are often considered to be out of place therein. Women face considerable sexual discrimination in the world of work, significantly limiting their employment prospects and subsequent advancement in their careers. Women generally find it more difficult than men to acquire a†¦show more content†¦Added to this fact, women lead more complex social lives than that of men. They often must balance their roles as financial providers and child caregivers. Employers often ask personal questions to female applicants. They aim to obtain background information. This may include her marital status, whether she has any children and their ages, or if she is a single mother. Then they interpret these pieces of information in several, prejudiced lights. For example, if she is married, they assume that her husband is the primary breadwinner and her role will be subordinate. This puts the female applicant at a disadvantage when compared to a male applicant with a â€Å"wife and family to support.† Or they may assume that a single parent mother with a young child may need too much personal time to fulfil her parental roles at the loss to the employer (manifesting as a loss in â€Å"man-hours†). Women – both single and married – may even be asked if they intend to have children at a job interview, perhaps informally. And if they say â€Å"yes†, thoughts of maternity leave, subsidized childcare and their costs imm ediately spring in the minds of the employer. A woman who leaves her job on maternity leave often runs the risk of not having a job to return to. â€Å"Britain for example, has the lowest rate of maternity leave in the European Union. Sixty percent ofShow MoreRelatedGender Discrimination Against Women During The Workplace1088 Words   |  5 PagesGender Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace We have made a lot of strides for women in the workplace in the past couple of decades but the problem that still remains is discrimination. A women just wants to be treated like others in the workplace and not to be harassed, judged, looked down or might not be considered for the position because she is a women. According the Department of Labor Statistics 57% of women participate in the labor force, 70% of these women have children underRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1337 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women. Even the name of the female gender is derived from the male species. For years, women have been discriminated against in an array of areas such as politics, at home, and in the workplace. The most debated area of gender discrimination is the wage gap between men and women. After reviewing the following facts, it is obvious women are essentially just as valuable as men, and therefore should be treated equally in the workplace. The pay gap between males and females has been a topic thatRead MoreEssay about Sex Discrimination 1597 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discrimination involves action toward individuals on the basis of their group membership; Baron and Byrne (1994) defined discrimination as prejudice in action. Discrimination can take a very overt form (e.g., refusal to hire women into certain jobs), but in many instances, gender discrimination involves the degree to which the workplace is open to versus resistant to the participation of women. Although many discussions of gender discrimination have focused on the ways managers andRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace962 Words   |  4 Pages Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Santisha Fleming Human Resource Management Dr.Juluis Demps –Management 360 Jacksonville University April, 1, 2015â€Æ' American women can vote, hold office, and they can work in a public work environment. They are considered have an equal opportunity when compared to men. What is the true definition of equal employment opportunity? Does this mean that women and men are offered the same opportunities in the workplace? As well treated equally in regardsRead MoreGender Based Pay And Promotion Discrimination1104 Words   |  5 PagesAlvarez and Moser explore the claims of gender-based pay and promotion discrimination that is fast emerging as the latest challenge for employers seeking to reduce litigation risks. These claims are from recent jury verdicts, pending legislation in Congress, and headline-grabbing court decisions. These court decisions and legislative initiatives raise the specter of a flood of class claims against employers for pay and promotion discrimination. I will use this source for ground for my argument. ItRead MoreGender Issues in the Workplace1537 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Gender Issues in the Workplace Introduction Believe it or not women have had rights in the work force for over two hundred years. Women should be treated as equals with men in the work place, but that is not always the case. Companies need to be careful with gender issues; they could lead to law suits and cost millions of dollars. People whether it is men or women should be hired, promoted, or given raises based on their experience not their gender. Dealing with gender issues in the work placeRead MoreImproving Workplace Opportunities For Women1590 Words   |  7 PagesA century ago women were excluded from the opportunities which men enjoyed. Today, many countries including Canada have progressed significantly by creating anti-discrimination laws that have performed a critical role in expanding workplace opportunities for women. However, these laws failed to guarantee workplace equality since female workers still face discrimination through significant pay gaps for similar job duties, lack of representation in boards and hig h paying positions, and also face sexualRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace1165 Words   |  5 PagesGender discrimination in the workplace is a recurring issue in businesses today. Employees are given the right by their employers to be protected from discrimination and inequality in the workplace. In just about every business setting today, men and women work together in the same fields, jobs, and projects. However, it has only been up until (relatively) recently that men and women have been in competition for the same jobs. With the predetermined assumptions of the different roles between bothRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination : Tips For Executives, Managers, And Students1261 Words   |  6 Pages David A. Robinson wrote a short book, Workplace Discrimination: Tips for Executives, Managers, and Students to Increase Productivity and Reduce Litigation, in hopes to help managers and future managers avoid illegal discrimination and avoid discrimination lawsuits. Robinson began with telling about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech and compared it to the time today to American President Barak Obama. From Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech to the inauguration of American PresidentRead MoreGender Discrimination : An Ethical Problem Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Gender Discrimination is a type of discrimination where basing on a particular person’s gender (or) sex a person is discriminated, majorly this type of discrimination is faced by women and girls. In this globalized world, where interaction between two individuals became easy as seams of finger touch and where we always debate, speak about the equality rights for men and women, we still see many instances of many individuals being discriminated based on the gender difference. This paper

The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins - 1189 Words

Aubi-Ann Genus Ms.Vedula 4 December 2015 â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† a Feminist Story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillman focuses on the oppression of women in the 19th century. The story introduces us into the awareness of a woman who is slowly going insane over the course of the summer. She recently just gave birth to a baby and is most likely suffering from some type of depression. Analyzing this story, we see the frustrations of women during The Victorian era. Women were manipulated into certain stereotypes as a wife and mother. Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper† analyses the question is â€Å"Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s real life experiences are reflected in her short story†? â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† examines the theme of†¦show more content†¦It is, she notices, â€Å"One of those sprawling flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin† (Gilman, 307). Another significant setting is isolation which speaks volume to the narrator will be exposed to as well as a sense of imprisonment. The narrator s outlook of the setting is described both literally and figuratively by her inadequate and troubled perspective. The narrator sees the yellow wallpaper in the room as a malicious and upsetting presence, whereas it actually may not be so. Because the whole story is described from her point of view, the readers gradually see how the narrators mind, body and soul is affected by The Yellow Wallpaper. The room that she is placed to reside in may be nursery, as she claims to have been told, it could also be a room of imprisonment to hold mental patients, it has rings and things(Gillman). On the walls, the isolation of the house and room enhances the narrator’s loneliness and distance, both psychological and emotional. The form of the woman trapped behind it, the bulbous eyes (Hudock, 2) watching over it, all mirror the narrator s hysteri a and paranoia, which escalates during the course of the story. Third Jane uses symbolism in a multitude of ways throughout the story. First the revolting paper becomes a symbol as she pictures a woman who, like herself, the narrator hides and creeps behind the patterns of the Victorian femme secret laws that subdue wives. In her determination to free herself from

Socialization Into The Nursing Practice - 1528 Words

Victorine Bekesi Bowie State University School of Professional Studies Socialization into the Nursing Practice Nursing 425 Being a new graduate with a bachelor degree in nursing is the most exciting thing everyone would need to have in life. As a new graduate, there are so many challenges as the nurse is try to familiarize themselves into the role and responsibilities of the clinical practice. These challenges include the many stressful demands of the profession which does not only involve the nursing practice and patient care but also the socialization of formal and informal hospital orders and their regulations. In addition to this, the new graduate lack of knowledge and clinical experience actually makes it overwhelming. Although the new graduate nurse has the qualification that requires them to practice as register nurses, they still feel much unprepared for the expectations and demands of their new role. In order to increase comfort and facilitate my socialization into this new profession, the method to do this includes making effort to learn and practice many skills now in school. Also having the c onfident to ask questions of what I do not understand from the seniors who have been there for a long time will help to make socialization into the new role as a graduate nurse easy (Feng Show MoreRelatedNursing Is An Ever Changing Field1238 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no doubt that nursing is an ever changing field. Although nursing always has been about caring for others, at the present time, this field is more sophisticated and respected than in the past. Currently, there are standards of nursing practice and professional performance developed by the American Nurses Association (ANA) for American nurses to follow. However, there is some controversy about whether nursing is a profession or not. Also, in order to learn these standards as well as otherRead MoreThe Role Of Professional Socialization During The Transition Period1686 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional socialization occurs when individuals are exposed to different socialization agents including clients, peers, fa culty, healthcare professionals and family. The process of professional socialization is aimed at allowing individuals to communicate successfully. Students get the opportunity to learn diverse experiences by interacting with the agents, and this facilitates professional development. New graduate nurses have high turnover rates due to the gap in theory and practice and realityRead MoreProfessional Socialization : Professional Motivation1172 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional Socialization is defined as a process where individuals form the characteristics, attitudes and values of a particular profession (Lai PK, Pek HL). In the nursing field, professional socialization is a necessary step involving the LPN/LVN into their new RN role by assisting them with the internalization and development of their new professional identity. (Ellis Hartley. 2011) However, transitioning into this new role can be a complex and challenging multi-faced process (Boychuk DuchscherRead MoreEssay Professio nal Socialization681 Words   |  3 Pages| Professional Socialization | LaTonya Jefferson NUR/391 Henny Breen July 5,2010 | | | | | What is Professional Socialization? Professional Socialization is defined as the process by which individuals acquire the specializedRead MoreSocialization Into Nursing1131 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is about the socialization of nursing, which includes the internalization of the attitudes and values of the role. The importance of role modeling the applied behaviors and skills through preceptor experiences to aid the new nurse is discussed. The importance of the socialization process and its impact on staff recruitment and retention is touched on. The author also shares her experience upon entry to the nursing profession and how it helped her socialization. â€Æ' According to CreasiaRead MoreEssay on Week 3 NR351 Discussion697 Words   |  3 Pagesprogram, you are again going through a period of socialization or transformation. As you learn more about the roles of the BSN-prepared nurse, how can you use other nurses with BSNs and higher degrees to help you in your socialization or transformation? What factors are most important as you become socialized as a BSN student? What are your resources in this process? How can this process be most effective? According to the lesson, socialization is the interactive process of developing an identityRead MoreNursing Socialization Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesSocialization into Nursing Kimberly Grazier Winston Salem State University Abstract In this paper you will learn about socialization of nursing and the important role that it plays in staff retention. The goal of business’s that employee nurses are to not only retain staff but to keep them happy and satisfied as well. I have included several examples of how to do this. I have also included examples of the attitudes and values of a well socialized nurse and how this affects not only the nurseRead MoreThe Standards Of Nursing Practice1464 Words   |  6 PagesStandards in nursing practice involve a myriad of collaborated and approved beliefs with each as important as the other. To achieve the goals that are set when providing healthcare, it requires a comprehensive mindset, a positive outlook, and participation with a team that supports and encourages quality collaboration effort with others to reach the goals. Collaboration is the standard of nursing that I have chosen to write about. Collaboration means to work together with others to effect a changeRead M oreGoals Of Professional Socialization785 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional socialization has four goals: (1) to learn the technology of the profession- the facts, skills, and theory, (2) to learn to internalize the professional culture, (3) to find a personally and professionally acceptable version of the role, and (4) to integrate this professional role into all of the other life roles (Masters, p. 174). In the first goal, it is our duty to stay in touch with advancing technology. This advancement allows more efficient and precise diagnostics. We are learningRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Nursing Education1333 Words   |  6 PagesMy philosophy of nursing education develops out of my philosophy of nursing. They are woven together as I am both a nurse and educator. I don t desire to be one without the other; and, I trust the two together are much more grounded than either one alone. My philosophy of nursing is based off the four concepts of nursing. The four concepts of nursing are person, health, nursing, and environment. My own philosophy of teaching is a result of numerous impacts including background, guideline, a merging

Reflection About Literacy - 1263 Words

The bridge to literacy is paved with the bricks of admonished concepts, and council. Literacy is simply a human invention to communicate with other humans and as such, requires a sherpa (or multiple) to guide the growing writer to a refined level of effective reading and writing. This â€Å"sponsor of literacy† can be found among all readers and writers. They are the individuals who had nurtured growth in education and formed the bricks of your first step towards literacy. Through identifying and studying this process, an individual can proudly take the next step upward towards effective and refined writing. Through pain and agony, I was a very resistant child and most of my reading experiences were forced upon me. I remember having to do a†¦show more content†¦The magazine cover displayed an Egyptian pyramid which instantly captured my imagination and created an insatiable appetite towards ancient structures. I had been so unfamiliar with associating enjoyment and literature that reading the photograph captions felt taboo, as if looking at pornography. I had begun asking my parents for books pertaining to Ancient Egypt for every holiday. I had discovered a bridge between my self interests and my literacy growth. I was so enthralled by such foreign concepts, delivered through academic text, that I had unknowingly begun to take the next step towards self-growth. †¨ I learned that reading did not always have to be a daunting task limited to predetermined texts listed on some scholastic reading list. I realized that I had a profound interest in a specific subject and that reading literature pertaining to that subject was really not that bad. My focus and stamina began to grow, as well as my information retention. It was clear that there was a direct correlation to my personal interest and my reading ability. However, reading literature which was not related to my interests was still very daunting to me. I have found that if I could find som ething in a text to connect with, that my focus becomes a little more productive. †¨ My writing development had also progressed due to this self-growth, although at a slower pace than my reading level. As an adolescent, the majority of my personal writings were graded assignments which wouldShow MoreRelatedReflection About Media Literacy Reflection1416 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Literacy Reflection What was the most useful part of the week for you? Media education is an important aptitude for anybody today, particularly for more youthful ages, who are investing increasingly energy devouring the media. The Kaiser Family Foundation as of late found that people going from 8 to 18 years of age spend a normal of 7 hours and 38 minutes expending media. This is a hour and seventeen minutes longer daily than five years prior, a hop which the Kaiser Family Foundation puts downRead MoreReflection Paper About Literacy1154 Words   |  5 Pagesbuilt the foundation of my road to literacy, to reach the reader and writer I am today I had to work hard throughout my academic career, mainly in elementary, middle, and high school. After preschool, elementary school seemed like a six year old’s paradise, but that dream quickly crumbled as I learned that school included more than just recess. Fortunately, once I overcame the initial disappointment, elementary school proved to be the most crucial time for my literacy. The teachers helped their studentsRead MoreArticle, Critical Literacy in the Classroom by Ann S. Beck Shows the Need for Critical Thinking594 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Critical Literacy in the Classroom† (2005), was written by Ann S. Beck, an English teacher at Camosun College in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. This article explains that it is imperative for teachers to understand the concepts of critical literacy as well as to achieve a critical teaching approach. The author’s main focus was to address and define the importance of teaching critical literacy as an educational practice by approaching dialogue (social act), reflection (critical literacy), and textualRead Mo reThe Benefits And Possibilities Of Coaching And Teacher Mentoring Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to inform you, the administration, about the innumerable benefits and possibilities of coaching and teacher mentoring, as well as to familiarize you with an overview of three specific coaching models. These will include cognitive coaching, literacy coaching, and differentiated coaching, each of which have their own unique set of strengths and weaknesses. The coaching process and experience can help the school in countless ways, starting with the teachers and tricklingRead MoreLiteracy Is The Key For Future Success Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesLiteracy is the key to future success. We have all heard this clichà ©, but as a future English teacher I passionately believe literacy is the key to success! When students become good readers, the door to a world of information is opened, and I want to see that door open for my students. As an English teacher who would like to work at the middle school level, I know the value of literacy and I hope to promote the best literacy practices in my classroom. This will not be an easy task, as readingRead MoreScience, Math, And Music Centers1634 Words   |  7 Pages The three content areas that I will be focusing on is science, math, and music centers. The science to children is finding out about different things about the everyday world that is around the children. Science is an active open-ended search for children for new knowledge. The major goal is to foster and support the intellectual development that makes up a child’s preschool years. These developments include receptive and the child’s expressive language skills of the children, self-regulationRead MoreAdult Literacy and Community Development Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesMy vision in my work with VOC this year is to explore the intersection of adult literacy and community development. Through research, I hope to learn more about the connection between research and practice in writing for adult learners; through working with a community based organization I hope to deepen my knowledge and understanding of the impact and challenges of working in a literacy program and how this translates into overall goals of improving livelihoods and building a stronger communityRead MoreTeaching Philosophy and Rationale1001 Words   |  4 Pagesenjoyable that it did not intimidate me to ask questions. No question was a silly question to encourage my learning. Through the highly motivating and thought provoking sessions in each lesson, there was always some useful idea to ponder and reflect about. The lessons would draw upon real life experiences across multiple disciplines that had application in life. There were multiple tools used in class to facilitate my learning ranging from audio-visuals, group discussions to actual hands on pragmaticRead MoreThe Utilization Of Storytelling As A Pedagogical Strategy1 689 Words   |  7 Pagesfoster language skills and learners’ motivation can be increased by being active learners and developing a constructive approach towards English language learning through taking part in storytelling’s activities. The role of storytelling in early literacy development: The history of storytelling may demonstrate the importance of using stories to educate children as well. Around 1899, storytelling started in the United States’ institutions. By 1927, storytelling has been adopted at most librariesRead MoreDifferent Methods Of Experience From Confucius1626 Words   |  7 PagesRecently I came across a saying from Confucius, â€Å"By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest.† I have never quite come across a quote which is so analogous and relative to my life experiences, especially in a college class. I can literally translate the three methods to what I faced in this English class and it will seem as if they are indistinguishable. For me experience emerged

My Time of Community Service Essay Example For Students

My Time of Community Service Essay Completing community service for 10 hours was pretty awesome. I completed it in two different places. My first choice was â€Å"Best Buddies†. The way I found out about best buddies was when Mrs. Riceberg had two special guests come to the classroom one Tuesday night. They explained it was going to be a potluck. They also mentioned it would be fun to be able to bond with special education students. They explained how having a buddy to those kids would mean anything to them. My classmate â€Å"Sha† and I thought it would be the perfect place to complete our hours for community service. I baked a cake for the event. I used blue frosting and put â€Å"Best Buddies† right in the center of the cake. Once Sha and I got there we sat down in a chair inside a room. There were many others already sat, and patiently waiting for one of the main directors to speak. Once a good majority of people were there. The same women that came to speak to us in class was speaking to us at the potluck. She showed us the same video of â€Å"best buddies† we had seen in class. The video was used as an introduction to the event. She then continued to speak about how â€Å"Best Buddies† has made such a difference to these kids’ lives. After her introduction speech was done, she then had all of us stand up and introduce our selves individually to three people in that room, which didn’t take long at all. I met a 50 year old lady that loves to knit and was actually her very first year in best buddies. Not to mention she was quite the jokester. After that we went around introducing ourselves to everyone. Slowly one by one would stand up and mention the reason why we were attending the potluck. When it was our turn, Sha and I said we were invited and figured it was the perfect event to show up on to complete our assignment. After everyone in the room spoke, we were directed outside to eat the delicious food that everyone brought. Not to mention socialize with each other. I had a plate full of different kinds of food. Food such as pasta, cookies, mashed potato, and much more. As we were all shoving food in our face, we all also took the time to socialize with everyone. I met a guy who told me that best buddies was the best thing that has ever happened to him. He mentioned how he use to get bullied at school because he was different. I mentioned that sometimes students would be mean to me too. He then high fived me and told me I was very short. I laughed and said â€Å"You are just too tall† it was a good connection. The other five hours I completed with my old observation teacher. I was obligated to complete 10 hours last semester with a teacher named Mrs. Woolman in my â€Å"Introduction to Elementary Education†. I actually asked her if I could volunteer the rest of my hours in her class. She happily accepted and it was a great experience. I went in a Friday morning to complete my hours. I entered the room and instantly all the kids stared and questioned who I was. I introduced myself using my last name. I was like â€Å"Good morning class, my name is Ms. Cuevas and I am going to help Mrs. Woolman out today†. The class was very well behaved. Usually there is always one bad student in each class, but in this case all her students were excellent students. They knew exactly what to do and when to do it. I go to quiz them in their vocabulary. I noticed the difference between the intelligence of each student. Some students were really high with their vocabulary while others were very poorly with it. It doesn’t matter because all the kids had the attitude to learn and that’s what matters.

Application of Volatility in Portfolio Construction Applied Mathemati

Question: Explain about the Report on Application of Volatility in Portfolio Construction for Applied Mathematics and Physics? Answer: 1) Bond Yield to maturity Annually Semi annually Face value 1000 1000 Years to maturity 7 7 Annual coupon rate 5.25% 5.25% Effective coupon rate 5.25% 2.63% NPER 7 14 Frequency of payment 1 2 Value of bond 1200 1200 Payment 52.5 26.25 Present value -1200 -1200 Future value 1000 1000 Yield to maturity 17% 9% KUEHN and Schmid (2014) saw that yield from the bond at the time of maturity provides the money in hand of the investors. The different payment timing of the bond may yield different percentage at the maturity of the same. The yield provides the insights of return of the investment, which is very important for the investors for making investment decision. The above example showed that for annual and semi-annual payment of interest rate has changed the yield rate. The relationship of yield rate and payment term of interest is inverse (Becker and Ivashina 2014). 2) The graphs below showed that the return from PHLX index is higher than Dow Jones and so the risk of making investment. The risk-return parity is maintained in this case throughout the period of investment. The volatility of the high yield index is high as in line with the theoretical model of risk-return trade-off (Ha, Liu and Zheng 2015). In this context, the investor is risk averse. Thereby, PHLX index must be avoided for making any investment. However, Dow Jones is suitable for making conservative investment decision. DOW Jones Industrial average PHLX Gold/Silver Sector Index Return 0.05 0.10 Standard Deviation 0.186373263 0.299016301 Weight 0.5 0.5 Correlation -0.001170892 Portfolio Return 0.076752089 Portfolio Variance 0.031003809 Portfolio Risk 0.176078986 In case of separate measurement of the investment return and risk assessment of the investment, we could see that Dow Jones has low volatility compare to PHLX index. The return from the Dow is lower than the PHLX index. The portfolio constructed with an equal investment in both of the index has shown that volatility is low due to merged portfolio constructed by two different entities. Further, the return from the investment through portfolio was medium with a lower risk associated with the investment. The trade-off between risk and return is the basic relationship between the two where the investors may find the return from the risky product much higher. Huang, Zhou and Zhu (2012) observed that trade-off maintains the basic principle of the investors taking more risk to gain more return from their investment. From the below figure, we can see that relationship where for the higher return the measured risk was high too. 3) CAPM return of MSFT 12% CAPM return of Mondelez International 8% With the calculation of CAPM modelling, the return from the investment in Microsoft was seen as 12% while return from Mondelez was 8% only. The risk associated with the shares of MSFT was higher than Mondelez International. The regression model has shown that risk in MSFT is higher than that of the Mendelez. However, the value of beta in both the measurement techniques was not same for both the companies. The regression equation for predicting the theoretical return is as follows: Y(return from MSFT) = .0266 + 0.728 * X (price of share) [0.728 is the risk of investment in the share of MSFT] Y(return from Mendelez) = .086 + 0.362 * X (price of share) [0.362 is the risk of investment in the share of Mendelez] 4) The volatility in the call option has been started with 15% for getting the striking price of the call. The measurement provided us the price of $4.63 for 15% volatility. However, the goal seek application let us know the exact rate of volatility of the call price for $5.8. The value of the implied volatility required for this case is 19%. References Becker, B. and Ivashina, V., 2014. Reaching for yield in the bond market.The Journal of Finance. Ha, M., Liu, G.Z. and Zheng, L., 2015. Application of Volatility in Portfolio Construction.Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics,3(07), p.808. Huang, X., Zhou, H. and Zhu, H., 2012. Assessing the systemic risk of a heterogeneous portfolio of banks during the recent financial crisis.Journal of Financial Stability,8(3), pp.193-205. KUEHN, L.A. and Schmid, L., 2014. Investment Based Corporate Bond Pricing.The Journal of Finance,69(6), pp.2741-2776.

Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok Essay Example

Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok Essay Amol Ramesh Dhok under the guidance and supervision of Dr. V. G. Dhanakumar, Professor of Quality, Extension and Operations Management, Indian Institute of Plantation Management Bangalore, (IIPM) and no part of this Paper has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or publication in any other form. The assistance and help received during the Completion of this Synthesis Paper and source of literature have been duly acknowledged. (V. G. Dhanakumar) Place: IIPM, Bangalore. Dated: -21-12-2009 ABSTRACT Mumbai Dabbawala system is a unique system in Logistics and supply chain management dedicate to millions of employees whose firms are adapting six sigma methodologies to improve customer satisfaction, work process, profitability, speed efficiency of all kinds. Study of Mumbai Dabbawala generally carries the practice of six sigma which tell total management commitment philosophy of excellence, customer focus, process improvement rule of measurement rather than gut feel. Their way of doing business has, therefore, become a case study destination for every management guru and B-school. CII arranged interface for who’s who of industry and business to share great management lessons from them. Their mission is to serve their customers who are mainly office goers by delivering their lunch boxes at their doorstep on time. They have 5,000 people on their payroll to ensure the prompt deliver. They steal all attention just because their service is of Six Sigma qualities. We will write a custom essay sample on Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Operatinal Efficiency of Mumbai Dabbawala by Amol Dhok specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Six Sigma is a process that helps organizations focus on delivering near-perfect products and services. If you use Six Sigma you can measure how many defects there are in a process and can systematically figure out how to eliminate them and try and achieve zero-defect status. I will show you how six sigma makes you more competitive at every level. Six sigma eliminates wasteful variation, changes business culture and sustain greater productivity, profitability and customer satisfaction rate. Dabbawala is excellent example of six sigma and most of the company should use this technique which are getting the defects in their business and who want to improve their business condition. It will show you how it could help your company to save money and make customer happier. INTRODUCTION The six sigma story began with the Motorola in 1980 where it was first developed and proven. By changing the way you look at the process, by understanding vital few factors that cause waste, error, and rework you can improve the ability of your processes to deliver higher quality to your customer and lower to cost. Although most have heard the phrase Six Sigma, which has been an industry term ever since Motorola introduced the concept in 1986, many still do not know just what Six Sigma really is. For many business organizations and by general definition Six Sigma is the measure of quality that strives for near perfection. It is a disciplined, data-driven methodology focused on eliminating defects. A Six Sigma defect is defined as anything that falls outside of a customers specifications. The results reported below by Six Sigma companies are convincing about its contribution to industry. How many customers can your business afford to lose? How much money can your company afford to lose because of mistakes? Why accept it as normal to be running processes at only three sigma or four sigma when, by changing the way you manage your processes, you could get a lot closer to six sigma all resulting benefits. Mumbai Dabbawala is an excellent example to construed execute six sigma after Motorola. Using an elaborate system of color-coded boxes to convey over 170,000 meals to their destinations each day, the 5,000-strong Dabbawala collective has built up an extraordinary reputation for the speed and accuracy of its deliveries†¦ The system the Dabbawala have developed over the years revolves around strong teamwork and strict time-management†¦ The meals are then delivered-99. 9999% of the time, to the right address. By considering this fantastic example you can bring lot of changes in your business. Methodology of Mumbai dabbawala is excellent example of six sigma, JIT, TQM. Companies who are getting losses if they use dabbawala concept they will definitely improve their position in business world. Mumbai dabbawala Before cutting to the management mantras, lets understand a few facts about dabbawallas. The origin of the Dabbawalas lunch delivery service dates back to the 1890s during the British raj. At that time, people from various communities migrated to Mumbai for work. As there were no canteens or fast food centers then, if working people did not bring their lunch from home, they had to go hungry and invariably, lunch would not be ready when they left home for work. Besides, different communities had different tastes and preferences which could only be satisfied by a home-cooked meal. Recognizing the need, Mahadeo Havaji Bacche (Mahadeo), a migrant from North Maharashtra, started the lunch delivery service. For his enterprise, Mahadeo recruited youth from the villages neighboring Mumbai, who were involved in agricultural work. They were willing to come as the income they got from agriculture was not enough to support their large families, and they had no education or skills to get work in the city. The service started with about 100 Dabbawalas and cost the client Rs. 2 a month. Gradually, the number of Dabbawalas increased and the service continued even though the founder was no more. Their mission is to serve their customers who are mainly office goers by delivering their lunch boxes at their doorstep on time. They have 5,000 people on their payroll to ensure the prompt delivery of lunchboxes within Mumbai; these delivery boys travel by local trains and use bicycles or walk to reach every nook and corner of Mumbai. The lunch boxes are delivered exactly at 12. 30 pm. Later, the empty boxes are collected and taken back to the homes, catering services or hotels before 5 pm. In fact, the next time you forget to strap on your watch before leaving for office, dont be surprised to find it in the lunchbox container brought by the dabbawalla from your home! On an average, every Tiffin box changes hands four times and travels 60-70 kilometers in its journey to reach its eventual destination. Each box is differentiated and sorted along the route on the basis of markings on the lid, which give an indication of the source as well as the destination address. NMTBSA (Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association) What is NMTBSA Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association About NMTBSA History : Started in 1980 Average Literacy Rate  Ã‚  Ã‚   : 8th Grade Schooling Average Area Coverage   : 60 Km per Tiffin Box Employee Strength  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      : 5000 Number of Tiffin’s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : 2,00,000 Tiffin Boxes,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i. e. , 4,00,000 transactions every day Time Taken  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : 3 hours (9 am 12 pm delivery of carriers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 pm 5 pm collection of empty carriers) Cost of Service  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Rs. 200/- Rs. 300/- per month Turnover  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : Rs. 50 core per month approx. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT GENERAL SECRETARY TREASURER DIRECTORS (9) MUKADAM MEMBERS (5000) How the dabba is delivered? ? The first dabbawalla picks up the Tiffin from home and takes it to the nearest railway station. ? The second dabbawalla sorts out the dabbas at the railway station according to destination and puts them in the luggage carriage. ? The third one travels with the dabbas to the railway stations nearest to the destinations. ? The fourth one picks up dabbas from the railway station and drops them of at the offices. ? The process is reversed in the evenings. Dabbawala methodology ? Error is horror, said Talekar while explaining the operational motto. In the event of a dabbawalla meeting with an accident en route, alternative arrangements are made to deliver the lunch boxes. For example, in a group of 30 dabbawallas catering to an area, five people act as redundant members; it is these members who take on the responsibility of delivering the dabbas in case of any untoward happenings. ? The dabbawallas must be extremely disciplined. Consuming alcohol while on duty attracts a fine of Rs 1,000. Unwarranted absenteeism is not tolerated and is treated with a similar fine. Every dabbawalla gets a weekly off, usually on Sunday. ? The Gandhi cap serves as a potent symbol of identification in the crowded railway stations. Not wearing the cap attracts a fine of Rs 25. ? There are no specific selection criteria like age, sex or religion; however, I have never seen a female dabbawalla. The antecedents of the candidates are thoroughly verified and a n ew employee is taken into the fold for six-month probation. After that period, the employment is regularized with a salary of Rs 5,000 a month. Need of the study of the dabbawala As management students, there was a lot that we learnt from this lecture,†. The belief that technology is indispensable to solve complex problems was shattered. FMCGs and other industries can learn a lot from the simple supply chain logistics and efficient reverse logistics (transfer of empty lunch boxes to the source location), ~ The concept of multi-level coding (co lour coding on the lunch boxes for identification) and reverse logistics can be implemented in industries as diverse as soft drinks (where logistics becomes an important aspect, transporting the filled bottles to retailers and collecting empty bottles back to the plants), pharmaceuticals and other FMCG areas. For example, can the bar coding mechanism (a computerized format) which is prevalent and expensive, be simplified with just colors/ number coding? In small and medium scale organizations where bar coding systems would require a lot of resources, these systems can prove to be very efficient and cost effective. Moreover, the dependence on technology could be drastically reduced. The learning’s for a working executive are enormous too. Managers and executives alike spend a lot of their valuable time learning various concepts in people and time management. Newer mechanisms like Customer Relationship Management, etc, have been developed to assist executives in the same. But, in the midst of implementing technology and IT, basic principles in people management, sustainable relationship development and customer satisfaction have lost their meaning. Our friendly dabbawallas are a perfect example of an important principle of both business and management the thirst to serve customers in a simple yet effective fashion without falling into the technology trap. I think this is an aspect which needs to be re-learnt and implemented in any organization today. What is six sigma? The Six Sigma quality certification was established by the International Quality Federation in 1986, to judge the quality standards of an organization. According to an article published in Forbes magazine in 1998, one mistake for every eight million deliveries constitutes Six Sigma quality standards. The Six-sigma rating means that they have 99. 99 % efficiency in delivering the lunch-boxes to the right people. That put them on the list of Six Sigma rated companies, along with multinationals like Motorola and GE. Achieving this rating was no mean feat, considering that the Dabbawalas did not use any technology or paperwork, and that most of them were illiterate or semiliterate. †¢ A statistical measure of the process or a product. †¢ A goal that reaches near perfection for performance improvement. †¢ A system of management to achieve lasting business leadership world-class performance. The six sigma approach to managing is all about helping you identify what you don’t know as well as emphasizing what you should know, and taking action to reduce the errors and rework that cost you time, money, pportunity and customers. The goal of six sigma is to help the people processes aim high in aspiring to deliver defect free product and services. Many companies believe that dealing with errors is just part of cost of doing business. But you don’t have to accept that faulty logic. With six sigma you can eliminate most errors, reduce your cost, and better satisfy customer. Es sential of the six sigma methodology †¢ Define the project, goals, deliverable to customers. †¢ Measure the current performance of the process. †¢ Analyze and determine the root cause of the defects. Improve process of eliminate defects. †¢ Control the performance of the process. Working of NMTBSA beyond the six sigma! Fantastic team work!!! Almost no errors in spite that the Dabba changes hand about six times ? The collection and delivery has to happen by lunch time ? It is amazing organization ? Approximately 5000 people working ? It is over 100 year old They carry Tiffin (Lunch box) from the home of customer and carry it to their workplace of work. e. g. from say housewife in Virar will give Dabba to him which will be delivered at Air India bldg on 11floor by lunch time (1 p. m. . They work with clockwork precision, but without computer program! They even brought couple of actual dabbawala to speak (he made an excellent power point presentation) ? Even Prince Charles and many other are wondering how they are sorting the dabbas so precisely. They use cycle, local train or they are on foot. Even in heavy floods they deliver. Lacs of people get cooked home made food. You must have seen such dabbawalas in Mumbai. Error Rate: 1 in 16 million transactions ? Six Sigma performance (99. 999999) ? Technological Backup: Nil. ? Cost of service Rs. 300/month ($ 6. 00/month) Standard price for all (Weight, Distance, Space) ? Rs. 36 Cr. Turnover approx. ? [6000*12*5000=360000000 i. e. Rs. 36 crore p. a. ] ? Earnings -5000 to 6000 p. m. ? Zero % fuel Zero % investment ? Zero % modern technology Zero % Disputes 99. 9999% performance 100 % Customer Satisfaction. DISCIPLINE ? No Alcohol Drinking during business hours ? Wearing White Cap during business hours ? Carry Identity Cards ANALYZED FROM THE MICHAEL PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL I. Threat of new entrants: According to Porter, the threat new entrant is dangerous to any organization as it can take away the market share the organization enjoys. Started in 1880, the experience curve of the 125-year-old dabbawalla service serves as a huge entry barrier for potential competitors. Besides, it would be difficult to replicate this supply chain network that uses Mumbais jam-packed local trains as its backbone. ii. Current competition: Porters five forces theory states that strategy is determined by a unique combination of activities that deliver a different value proposition than competitors or the same value proposition in a better way. The dabbawallas do face competition from fast food joints as well as office canteens. However, since neither of these serves home food, the dabbawallas core offering remains unchallenged. They have also tied up with many catering services and hotels to cater to the vast number of office goers. iii. Bargaining power of buyers: The delivery rates of the dabbawallas are so nominal (about Rs 300 per month) that one simply wouldnt bargain any further. Also, their current monopoly negates any scope of bargaining on the part of their customers. Thus, we encounter a perfect win-win combination for the customers as well as the dabbawallas. iv. Bargaining power of sellers: The dabbawallas use minimum infrastructure and practically no technology, hence they are not dependent on suppliers. Since they are a service-oriented organization, they are not dependent on sellers to buy their product. Hence, sellers do not assume any prominence as would be the case in a product-oriented company. The strategy map framework in Porters theory allows companies to identify and link together the critical internal processes and human, information and organization capital that deliver the value proposition differently or better. Human capital is the greatest driving force in the dabbawalla community; as a result, they are not dependent on suppliers or technology, thus negating the sellers power in the equation. v. Threat of a new substitute product or service: As substitutes to home cooked food are not seen as a viable alternative in the Indian scenario, the threat to the dabbawalla service is not an issue at least in the foreseeable future. This gives them a leeway to probably expand their already existing network into newer cities as demand increases in these places as well. Dabbawala and six sigma!! Mumbai’s 5000 plus Dabbawalas are world famous for their impeccable service standards. They pick up lunch boxes/ Tiffin carriers from over 2,00,000 homes/ apartments, deliver them to some 80,000 destinations and again ensure their safe return to those homes/ apartments – all on the same day with each lap of journey en route accomplished within the specified time limits. The people at work are not from any high academic background; rather many of them are almost illiterate. They face the same crowded pavements, on-road dense vehicular traffic and overloaded suburban trains, which normal office goers often give excuses for their late comings. Their way of doing business has, therefore, become a case study destination for every management guru and B-school. CII arranged interface for who’s who of industry and business to share great management lessons from them. A Dabbawala figured among a handful few from India who got invitations to witness the marriage ceremony of Prince Charles. Sometime back, there was lso an All-Dabbawala ‘Deal Ya No Deal’ show in Sony Entertainment TV. They steal all attention just because their service is of Six Sigma quality. Every business concern is made of a number of interrelated processes. When inputs are made to traverse through a process, they result into certain outputs (products services) serving either internal or external customers. A process is termed as industrial or commercial depending on wheth er 80% or more of the values derived are from machinery or from human activity, respectively. No matter how perfect a process is, no product/ service will come conforming to exact targeted specifications. It would always vary. However, when it varies within certain Lower Specification Limit (LSL) and Upper Specification Limit (USL) as acceptable/ agreed to or specified by the customers, then it is considered to be defect free or quality product/ service. Further, every opportunity of delivering a product/ service is also wrought with an opportunity for the occurrence of defect. When the Defects per Million Opportunity (DPMO) don’t exceed 3. 4, the process is said to have met Six Sigma level. And Mumbai Dabbawalas’ DPMO is less than 3. 4 or precisely, it is 2! ‘Sigma (r)’ denotes ‘Standard deviation’ – a statistical measure of dispersion/ variance. It is the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of deviations of given observations from their arithmetic mean. Say, it is a midsummer and your organization wants to hold a three-hour business plan meet of your 100 sales persons. You look for a conference hall with right facilities and ambience, especially the room temperature which should be maintained throughout at 2210 C. And two hotels in the city also promised the same. When measured at every half an-hour interval in the one where you held your meet, it read as 18, 28, 30, 24, 20 and 18; the arithmetic mean value and ‘r’ being 23 and 4. 7, respectively. Whereas, had you gone to the other hotel, other things remaining same, the observed values of the room temperature would have been say, 23, 22, 24, 22, 23 24. Although the mean was the same 23, the ‘r’ being less at 0. 8, the service of the second hotel was more qualitative and would have given you more satisfaction. Hence the saying, ‘Company may celebrate mean but customers are bothered by the variance’. However, its process was still not conforming to Six Sigma level. With two observed values out of six not meeting the customer expectations (22! 10 C), the DPMO worked out to 333,333. 33 (i. e. , 2/6 multiplied by 1,000,000), which was hugely far from the required 3. 4! Benefits of higher Sigma level* Sigma Level |DPMO |Cost of quality | |2 |308,537 |Not applicable | |3 |66,807 |25-40% of sales | |4 |6,210 (Industry Average) |15-25% of sales | |5 |233 |5-15% of sales | |6 |3. 4 (World class) |lt; 1% of sales | | | | | The figures in third column indicate that if, for example, you purchase a product at Rs. 10,000/- from a company operating at 4 Sigma Level, you are being made to pay about Rs. 1500-2500/- (i. e. , 15-25% of sale price) towards the cost of inefficient processes deployed by the company to manufacture the item. Putting it in other way, the company concerned can reduce the price of the product by Rs. 500-2500/- if it fixes its faulty processes or improves/ recreates the processes. This measure would also help the company to increase its market share tremendously. Why do six sigma? Six sigma allows you to achieve the constancy of the purpose that is secret to success, focusing your efforts on understanding the variation in your processes and defects that results. Here are the basic results. Money Money is generally most important reason for using six sigma. Here are few questions to consider: †¢ What is cost of scrap? †¢ What is cost of rework? †¢ What is cost of excessive cycle times and delay? †¢ What is total cost of poor quality in your organization? What is cost of business loss because customers are dissatisfied with your product? Do you know the answers of these questions in terms rupee. If so then you know how important it is to reduce process variation and defects. If not, then you need to get the knowledge that gives you power to make necessary changes. Customer satisfaction Six sigma focuses on the critical- to quality expectation of your customers than what matter most. By using six sigma management methods, your company can target the vital few factors in your processes that are allowing variations and defects that keep you from meeting the critical to quality expectation of your customers. Quality Another reason for using six sigma is the value and impact of committing to quality as a very particular way. Consider only following advantages of improving quality †¢ It inspires employees. †¢ It instills a culture and an attitude. †¢ It creates an image in the market †¢ It attracts investors. Growth As you identify and correct process variation, you save expanses which mean money to invest in growing your business. As you meet requirement and expectation of your customers more effectively and achieve higher customer satisfaction you increase your income which means money to invest in growing your business. Competitive advantages Six sigma allows you to become more competitive regionally, nationally or globally. A company that reduces its costs of doing business, meets the expectation of its customers more effectively earns reputation for quality and pride will certainly enjoy advantages over its competitor. Conclusion Six Sigma, as developed by Dabbawala, is an extension of many existing quality tools and techniques, but with the addition of business accountability. This resulted in process improvement gains that increased productivity and profitability. Six Sigma organizations become forward moving organizations by adapting new tools and techniques and overcoming learning disabilities. A gauge of quality and efficiency, Six Sigma is also a measure of excellence. Embarking on a Six Sigma programme means delivering top-quality service and products while virtually eliminating all internal inefficiencies. A true Six Sigma organization produces not only excellent product but also maintains highly efficient production and administrative systems that work effectively with the companys other service processes. In administrative processes, Six Sigma may mean not only the obvious reduction of cycle time during production but, more importantly, optimizing response time to inquiries, maximizing the speed and accuracy with which inventory and materials are supplied, and fool proofing such support processes from errors, inaccuracies and inefficiency). Much can be achieved from programmes like Six Sigma with the active, consistent, innovative, continuous and widely apparent participation by top management. When implemented strategically, Six Sigma can help companies turn over working capital faster, reduce capital spending, make existing capacity available, produce better results from the design and RD functions. Such outcomes also foster a working environment that stimulates employee development, motivation, morale empowerment and commitment. References ? www. google. com ? Six Sigma for managers Greg brue ? What is six Sigma Pete Pande and Larry Holpp ? www. wiki. compedia ? www. Mumbai dabbawala. com 13 MEMBERS GENERAL SECRETARY